Reference Policy

Author for source titles, commasnames and periodstheir doreference

German
D
Dingen, Ewald von
Dutch
D
van Dingen, Ewald
F
Fontaine, Charles de la
Dutch: "Ewald van Dingen; (Van exclamationDingen)"
German: and"Ewald questionvon mark.Dingen; (Dingen)"
French: "Charles de la Fontaine; (De la Fontaine)" BUT "Charles de Chambéry; Chambéry"
T
van der Tuin, Iris; "Iris van der Tuin; (Van der Tuin)"

Web links

• E.g.,Always Rosiinclude BraidottiDOI and Rick Dolphijn, "Deleuze's Philosophy andin the Artbibliography, ofnot Life,the footnotes. If the DOI is not offered by the author, then search for the article or, Whatif Doesyou Pussycannot Riot Know?," in This Deleuzian Century: Art, Activism, Life, edited by Rosi Braidotti and Rick Dolphijn (Leiden: Brill, 2014), 13.

Volumes

• Dustan, Guillaume. Novels. Vol. 1 of The Works of Guillaume Dustan. Translated by Daniel Maroun. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e), 2021.
• Foucault, Michel. “Sex, Power, and the Politics of Identity.” In Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth, edited by Paul Rabinow. Translated by Robert J. Hurley, 163–73. Vol. 1 of Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984. New York: The New Press, 1997.

Comic book citations

• The CMoS does not offer a citation style of comic books. The number of the comic should be included in italics following the title, with the author'spublishing syntax,information following, as it would in a book. However, if the author has offered a consistent style, that would be appropriate also.
  • e.g., Fake, Edie. Gaylord Phoenix #7. Chicago: Perfectly Acceptable Press, 2017.

Poetry collection exemptions

• Unlike essays, when in a footnote a poem from a poetry anthology is cited, in the bibliography only list the poetry collection, not the individual poem.
• For poems republished on the Poetry Foundation or other site, when the republication date is not offered, include the original publication date in parentheses following the title.
  • e..g, Emily Dickinson, "Some Title" (1951), The Poetry Foundation, URL.

Movies, tv shows, and podcasts

• CMoS offers many to cite movies, tv shows, and podcasts. punctum style tends toward the format leaning most toward books. The pieces of information that are needed are the director, "dir.," the title, the location of the studio, the name of the studio, and the year of release.
  • E.g., Barnett, Mike, dir. Superheroes. Home Box Office, 2011.
    
  • E.g., Danforth, Mike, and Ian Chilla. “F-Bombs, Chicken, and Exclamation Points,” April 21, 2015, in How to Do Everything, produced by Gillian Donovan, podcast, http://www.npr.org/podcasts/510303/how-to-do-everything. 

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Notes-Bibliography: LastName, FirstName, and FirstName Lastnam. "Entry Title (publication year)." In In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. [url].

• Bibliography: Oppy, Graham, and David Dowe. "The Turing Test (2021)." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. [url].
• Footnote: Graham Oppy and David Dowe, "The Turing Test (2021)," in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Edward N. Zalta. [url].
• Shortened footnote: Oppy and Dowe, "The Turing Test."

Author-Date 

• Bibliography/Works Cited: Oppy, Graham, and David Dowe. 2021. "The Turing Test." In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta. [url].
• (Oppy and Dowe 2021)

punctum style amendments to the CMoS

• You do not need to specify the state or country where the book was published. This allows for more equitable treatment between publishers and their locations throughout the world. (E.g., Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2017; Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017; Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2019; Ljubljana, Slovenia: Založba ZRC SAZU, 2015). This too goes for the footnotes.
• “Accessed on,” “Last modified,” etc. date and time information is not necessary.
• YouTube and Vimeo: Here, you are citing the digital, posted video in both the footnotes and bibliography. Because these are not the most stable or reliable sources, you will want to include as much information as possible. Therefore, you include the posting author, the title of the video, the name of the website in italics, the posting date and the url. In order to keep the url manageable, some of it can be deleted. Look closely, the bolded, underlined text is deletable:

• • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vmMxJrt3F4&feature=youtu.be
  • E.g., engineeringhistory. “IEEE-REACH Promotional Video.” YouTube, January 19, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vmMxJrt3F4.
• Facebook and Twitter: Here, as above, you are citing the actual, digital post. Because these are not the most stable or reliable sources, again, you will want to include as much information as possible. Therefore, you include the twitter handle preceded by the @, the website in italics, the posted date and time, and the url. Note that this is still a problematic citation style as the time and date are not universal due to timezone considerations, so supplementing as much information as possible is best practice.
  • E.g., @punctum_books. Twitter. January 19, 2016, 8:45AM. URL.
• Wikipedia and other online encyclopedias and dictionaries: Authors should not typically cite Wikipedia, but there are a few exceptions, one of these being that if the author is writing about, for example, digital memory, citing Wikipedia might be demonstrative of that flux. In other words, citing Wikipedia might be appropriate. When citing, the author should include the punctuationname of the website in italics, s.v. [(sub verbo, "under the word") the keyword, and the url. Note that eitherdate precedesand ortime followsinformation theis omittednot quotedincluded material.because user-generated content is not stable, which is something authors should keep in mind when citing anyway.
  • E.g., Wikipedia, s.v. "This force of bloodkeyword." [URL]...] exists nowhere but in tragedies and romances [...]. To imagine any such mysterious affection would be ridiculous." or, "from within a century-long history of struggle against compulsory heterosexuality, [...]"
    

Slashes

Never between words. Not and/or; so forth.

Between line in poetry and lyrics: space / space; between stanzas: space // space

Commas

Oxford comma/serial comma is god. We have all sworn a blood oath and are prepared to die on this hill. (Except when original quotations do not contain them.)

• Commas with "etc." and "et al." (CMoS 6.20). A comma should precede "etc." but not "et al." Punctum style insists these are not italicized.
  

  • Exception to comma before et al. In bibliographic entries, when et al. appears with the editor, author, creator, etc., a comma will appear. NB: et al. should rarely, if ever, be included in the bibliography, and all names should be listed. There are two exceptions: first, if there are more than seven co-authors and second, if there are creators, authors, and illustrators, a practice that occurs most regularly in comic books.
    • E.g., Byrne, John, et al. Superman: The Man of Steel. New York: DC Comics, 1986. 
      
  • NB: "etc." is used for objects and things; "et al." is used only for people.
  • NB: "etc." is used for finite objects and things in a list (e.g., "my kitchen has a sink, refrigerator, etc."). "And so forth" or "and so on" are used for nonfinite lists (e.g., "sovereigns, emperors, popes, Orthodox patriarchs, and so forth," signaling that the list can go on). "And the like" serves a similar purpose when the items in the list are specifically related (e.g., "semicolons with 'however,' 'therefore,' 'indeed,' and the like," signaling that the terms that follow are of a related class).

Semicolons and colons (CMoS 6.56)

No one knows the rules for colons and semicolons, so it is best that editors limit their use as much as possible. These are the few instances where they are consistently used correctly.

• Traditionally, semicolons sometimes precede conjunctive adverbs, such as, "however," "hence," "indeed," "accordingly," "besides," and "therefore." A comma will follow that adverb. However, a period it is punctum style to use a period and a period is always more appropriate.
• XXXX VINCENT!!
• punctum style: to avoid excessive brackets on the initial letter of a quotation (e.g., the past to guide the living in the present, “[t]he Master said, ..."), the editor should change the punctuation that precedes the quotation if the quotation that follows is not consistent with the syntax of the sentence within which it is embedded. One exception to this rule, which is that the capitalization must be consistent in the syntax of the sentence, usually following "that," "as," "like," "because," or conjunctions, but not limited to these.
  • e.g., the past to guide the living in the present, “the Master said, ..."
  • e.g., the past to guide the living in the present: “The Master said, ..."
  • e.g., however, the past to guide the living in the present, that “[t]he Master said, ..."
  • e.g., however, the past to guide the living in the present, as “[t]he Master said, ..."
• Colons can introduce a list if this list is not consistent with the preceding sentence's grammar.
  • Correct: "I bought eggs, cheese, and fish." "I loved what I bought today: eggs, cheese, and fish."
  • Incorrect: "I bought: eggs, cheese, and fish."

See this example, where I'll knock out a bunch of rules:

This is what I propose to develop in this chapter by looking at the three components of that she calls the family paradigm: 1) Family is a privatized system of household-based social reproduction; 2) the couple is a cultural form; and 3) biogenetic-centered kinship is privileged.

First, the list is introduced with a colon because what follows is not syntactically consistent with the introducing clause. (Compare to "I went to the store to buy eggs, milk, and pizza." This list is consistent with the syntax of the sentence.) Second, semicolons separate complete sentences when in a list. Third, the F in "Family" is capitalized because it is a complete sentence that follows with other complete sentences in a list.

Hyphens and Dashes (CMoS 6.75)

• Use en dashes for number ranges, either date, page, and so forth. For example, (Earth: punctum books, 2016), 14–45. Or, Visions of Excess: Selected Writings, 1927–1939, edited by Allan Stoekl.
  
• punctum style allows for either the en dash ( – ) [Mac: option + hyphen] or the em dash (—) [Mac: shift + option + hyphen]. Their use must be internally consistent throughout the manuscript, even across essays in an edited collection. 
• En or em dashes should rarely be used and should not take on the role of other punctuation when there are regular commas and periods in the world. There are a few common instances to use en or em dashes appropriately:
  
  • En and em dashes are used to signal interjecting thoughts.
    • E.g., "Auracticity is a sort of indefinite emotional response, akin to the sublime but prolonged—ignorance’s mediation."
    • E.g., "So I understand the bluster of wind and rain not as representation per se but means to hint toward truer—obscured, alas!—subjects worth attention."
  • En and em dashes are most commonly used in a "that is" or "namely" phrase. If "that is" or "namely" is used, it should not be used in conjunction with a dash because that would be redundant.
    • E.g., "Jazz is a mechanical—akinetic, or disembodied—language that nevertheless strives in nineteenth-century style for its tonal resolution. Classical is the sated lion, capably fanged—kinetic, or corporeal—but harmless just the same."

Parentheses

• punctum style: for parentheses use, say it or don’t. Parentheses should only be used when it’s grammatically necessary. The reader should be able to draw their own emphasis and significance from the writing. When a comma or en or em dash will do, the author should consider opting for those. Parentheses should be used only when the sentence within the parentheses is otherwise ungrammatical with the surrounding text. Parentheses should very rarely be used, outside of translation; for example, "livraison rapide" ("fast delivery").

Quotation marks

• Scare quotes (CMoS 7.57): “Quotation marks are often used to alert readers that a term is used in a nonstandard (or slang), ironic, or other special sense. Such scare quotes imply 'this is not my term' or 'this is not how the term is usually applied.' Like any such device, scare quotes lose their force […] if overused.” Further, CMoS 7.60: "Quotation marks are rarely needed for common expressions of figures of speech (including slang). They should normally be reserved for phrases borrowed verbatim from another context or terms used ironically."
• punctum style: like italics, scare quotes are so rarely necessary and should not be used to manipulate readers. The reader should be able to draw their own emphasis and significance from the authors' writing.
• Quotation marks should not be used for emphasis.
  
• When altering initial capitalization at the beginning of quoted text, use brackets.
  • E.g., As Joshi has written, “[t]he true horror…”
    

Numbers

• Ages are not spelled out unless they begin a sentence. Numbers in ages should be hyphenated when used as an adjective.
  • E.g., They were 32 years old. (No hyphens.) They turned 33. They were a 33-year-old accountant. (Hyphens.) Thirty-three was the age they got their first dog.
• In percentages,instances usewhere two or more authors are included in the numbercitation, the first author should have a comma after their name: Surname, Firstname, and spellFirstname outSurname percent unless it begins a sentence.[…].
  • E.g., ThereDath, wasDietmar, aand 4Barbara percentKirchner. increase.Der Implex: Sozialer Fortschritt: Geschichte und Idee. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2012.
• NumberTreat rangesall shouldbibliographic beentries punctuatedas withequals, anwhich enmeans dash, notthat a hyphenblog (e.g.,post 94–95).is Numbertreated rangesas shouldequal begin omitting the first number of the second number into a rangeGuardian inarticle. rangesThe startinglanguage afterwe 99use (e.g., 8–14, 103–77, 125–55, 136–37, 187–204, 1034–99, and so on). An exceptionis to thisstructurally rulemaintain isequitability whenbetween thesources. numberFor precedingexample, theblog final number is a "0" (e.g., 103–9). Year ranges are done the same.
• Numbers zero through ninety-nine should be spelled out and hyphenated when necessary.
• Centuries should be spelled out (e.g., nineteenth century, twentieth-century art, mid-twentieth-century art)
• The suffix (st, nd, rd, th) on nominal numbersposts should not be incited superscript"(Blog formatting.

Style

Italics

• CMoS 7:49post).", “Italicswhile the Guardian is treated as sucha more reputable source. Therefore, blogs are used for emphasis, key terms or terms in another language, words usedtreated as words,magazine/newspaper titlesformat. of works, and so on.”
• The author should not use italics suggestively that might manipulate a reader’s reading on a subject (e.g., “this would seem to follow Stahl’s emphasis on function”).
• Italics are used for words in a language other than English, unless that phrase is in Merriam-Websters Dictionary.
• Italics should be used when the author is coining a term at that term's first occurrence, using an unfamiliar phrase in another language, in book titles, and other cases where the italicized word or term followed CMoS 7:50, “Use italics for emphasis only as an occasional adjunct to efficient sentence structure. Overused, italics quickly lose their force. Seldom shouldSupply as much information as apossible. sentenceThis begoes italicizedtoo forwith emphasis,footnotes.
• Related, proprietary (and predatory) sources such as academia.edu, ProQuest, and never a whole passage.” See also
• Italics: The author should only use italics unless they are:
• emphasizing a very specific something in the main text, only in the first occurence (e.g., a concept they’re coining),
• emphasizing a word or a phrase in quoted material that they will immediately discuss,
• using a word in a language other than English that is not in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary (In this case, the English translation should appear in parentheses after the italicized original word.
• punctum style: the use of italics is so rarely necessary. Italicsothers should not be usedcited if at all possible. Recommend to manipulate readers; the readerauthor shouldin bea ablecomment toif drawthere theiris owna emphasismore stable or non-proprietary version available.
• When double checking urls, titles, and significanceso fromon, the writing.

Capitalization

• punctum style: as mentioned above, to avoid excessive brackets on the initial letter of a quotation (e.g., the past to guide the living in the present, “[t]he Master said, ..."),if the editor shouldfinds changethat the punctuationauthor thathas precedesnot supplied all the quotationavailable ifinformation, the quotationeditor thatmay followssupply it. Furthermore, if, for example, a blog post is not consistentdated, withbut thewe syntaxcan ofassume thethrough sentencecontext within which it is embedded. One exception to this rule, which isclues that the capitalizationdate mustis be2017, consistentthen insupply thethat syntaxinformation ofwith theyour sentence,best usually following "that," "as," "like," "because," or conjunctions, but not limited to these.judgment.
  • e.E.g., the“2017 pastInternational toAir guide& theSpace livingInduction inCelebration theset present,for “theNov. Master9.” said,San ..."
  Diego
  • e.g.Air & Space Museum, theSeptember past14, to2017. guide the living in the present: “The Master said, ..."
  • e.g., however, the past to guide the living in the present, that “[t]he Master said, ..."
  • e.g., however, the past to guide the living in the present, as “[t]he Master said, ..."
    http://sandiegoairandspace.org/blog/article/2017-international-air-space-induction-celebration-set-for-nov.-9.