# Examples of Footnote References and Bibliographic Entries

### 1. Notes

**1.1** Use footnotes rather than endnotes, as many of our books are read as PDFs and footnotes are much more reader-friendly than endnotes.

**1.2.** Use Chicago Manual’s 18th edition [Notes and Bibliography](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-1.html) format (preferred in the Humanities), with *full bibliographic* citations included in footnotes upon *first* mention in *each* *chapter*. Subsequent citations may be shortened following CMoS guidelines. Exceptions for [Author-Date](https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide/citation-guide-2.html) format in the Social Sciences may be allowed.

<p class="callout success">1. Henrik Winterbottom, *Curdle or Die: How to Stir Up Your Life* (Penguin, 2013), 8.  
2. Aisha Domenic, “Elementary Emmenthal Dynamics,” *Experimental Dairy Physics* 45, no. 4 (1989): 59.  
3. Ibid., 61.  
3. Winterbottom, *Curdle or Die,* 12.  
4. Ibid., 15.</p>

**1.3** To refer to previously mentioned references, we only use "ibid." Don't use "op. cit." or backreferrals such as "see fn. 4" or "vid. supra." When preparing footnotes in general, always keep in mind that they should be as useful to the reader as possible: we don’t want readers to have to work too hard to navigate and reference any book’s sources.

**1.4** Two references are separated by a comma and "and." Three or more references are separated by semicolons and a final "and."

<p class="callout success">Erin Manning, “What If It Didn’t All Begin and End with Containment? Toward a Leaky Sense of Self,” *Body &amp; Society* 15, no. 3 (2009): 35, and Tsing, *The Mushroom at the End of the World*, 45.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">Julietta Singh, *No Archive Will Restore You* (punctum books, 2018), 32; Kristeva, *Powers of Horror,* 2–3; and Margrit Shildrick, *Leaky Bodies and Boundaries: Feminism, Postmodernism, and (Bio)ethics* (Routledge, 1997), 48.  
</p>

**1.5** If you are citing from an edited collection, cite the particular chapter you are citing from. If you are citing from a monograph, don't cite by chapter but by page number.

**1.6** Cite introductions, prefaces, and forewords to monographs and the like written by an author other than the main author like a chapter in an edited collection.

<p class="callout success">Peter Eisenman, "The Houses of Memory: The Texts of Analogy," in Aldo Rossi, *The Architecture of the City,* trans. Diane Ghirardo and Joan Ockman (MIT Press, 1982).</p>

### 2. Bibliography

**2.1** Every book will need a comprehensive bibliography. In edited collections, bibliographies must follow each chapter.

<p class="callout warning">Check your bibliography as an integral part of the writing process: Who are you citing and why? Are there authors, especially female-identified, of color, disabled, or other historically marginalized groups that are absent? **Avoid having a "bro-bibliography"!**</p>

<p class="callout warning">We do not include the URL of web pages of or sympathetic to racists, fascists, or homophobes. It is ok to include such references as part of a scholarly discussion, but we don't want to redirect traffic to their sites.</p>

### 3. CMoS Notes and Bibliography Style (punctum books Adaptation)

#### Monograph, Single Author

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Dominic Pettman, *Look at the Bunny: Totem, Taboo, Technology* (Zer0 Books, 2013), 63–64.</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Pettman, *Look at the Bunny,* 320.</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Pettman, Dominic. *Look at the Bunny: Totem, Taboo, Technology.* Zer0 Books, 2013.</p>

#### Monograph, Multiple Authors

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Michael Moynihan and Didrik Søderlind, *Lords of Chaos: The Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground* (Feral House, 1998), 12.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Moynihan and Søderlind, *Lords of Chaos,* 11.</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Moynihan, Michael, and Didrik Søderlind. *Lords of Chaos: The Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground.* Feral House, 1998.  
</p>

#### Edited Monograph

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
J.G. Ballard, *Extreme Metaphors: Collected Interviews,* ed*.* Simon Sellars and Dan O’Hara (Fourth Estate, 2012), 33.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:  
Ballard, *Extreme Metaphors,* 34.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Ballard, J.G. *Extreme Metaphors: Collected Interviews.* Edited by Simon Sellars and Dan O’Hara. Fourth Estate, 2012.  
</p>

#### Translated Monograph

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Gabriel Zucman, *The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens,* trans. Teresa Lavender Fagan (University of Chicago Press, 2015), 48.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:  
Zucman, *The Hidden Wealth of Nations,* 34.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Zucman, Gabriel. *The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens.* Translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan. University of Chicago Press, 2015.  
</p>

#### Single Volume in a Multi-Volume Work  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
James Bryce, *The American Commonwealth,* vol. 3: *The Party System and Public Opinion* (Macmillan, 1888)  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:  
Bryce, *The American Commonwealth,* vol. 3, 56.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Bryce, James. *The American Commonwealth*. Vol. 3: *The Party System and Public Opinion.* Macmillan, 1888.  
</p>

#### Edited Volume, Single Editor

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
David T. Tew, ed. *Ketamine: Use and Abuse* (CRC Press, 2015), 100–101.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Tew, *Ketamine,* 10.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Tew, David T., ed. *Ketamine: Use and Abuse.* CRC Press, 2015.  
</p>

#### Edited Volume, Multiple Editors

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
V. Vale and Andrea Juno, eds., *RE/Search #8/9: J.G. Ballard* (Re/Search Publications, 1984), 34.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Vale and Juno, *RE/Search #8/9,* 45.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Vale, V., and Andrea Juno, eds. *RE/Search #8/9: J.G. Ballard.* Re/Search Publications, 1984.</p>

#### Part of an Edited Volume, Single Editor

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Jussi Parikka, “Planetary Memories: After Extinction, the Imagined Future,” in *After Extinction,* ed. Richard Grusin (University of Minnesota Press, 2018).  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Parikka, "Planetary Memories," 28.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Parikka, Jussi. “Planetary Memories: After Extinction, the Imagined Future.” In *After Extinction,* edited by Richard Grusin. University of Minnesota Press, 2018.  
</p>

<p class="callout warning">An individual poem is cited in the note as part of an edited volume, but in the bibliography only the entire volume of poetry is added (so no entries for individual poems).</p>

#### Part of an Edited Volume, Multiple Editors

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Gary J. Shipley, “Monster at the End: Pessimism’s Locked Rooms and Impossible Crimes,” in *True Detection,* eds. Edia Connole, Paul J. Ennis, and Nicola Masciandaro (Schism, 2014).  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Shipley, "The Monster at the End," 2.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Shipley, Gary J. “Monster at the End: Pessimism’s Locked Rooms and Impossible Crimes.” In *True Detection,* edited by Edia Connole, Paul J. Ennis, and Nicola Masciandaro. Schism, 2014.  
</p>

#### Journal Article  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Christopher Claassen, “In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion,” *American Political Science Review* 114, no. 1 (2020): 36–53.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Claassen, "In the Mood for Democracy?," 37.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Claassen, Christopher. “In the Mood for Democracy? Democratic Support as Thermostatic Opinion.” *American Political Science Review* 114, no. 1 (2020): 36–53. DOI: 10.1017/S0003055419000558.  
</p>

<p class="callout warning">If a journal is only available online, add the DOI as above or include a stable URL at the end of the Bibliographic entry preceded by period. The article may be available on JSTOR or Project MUSE. For open journals, there is also sometimes a direct URL to the journal website you can use.  
</p>

#### Online News or Magazine Article

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Roger Cohen, “American Catastrophe through German Eyes,” *The New York Times,* July 24, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/opinion/trump-germany.html.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Cohen, “American Catastrophe through German Eyes.”  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Cohen, Roger. “American Catastrophe through German Eyes.” *The New York Times,* July 24, 2020. [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/opinion/trump-germany.html](https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/24/opinion/trump-germany.html).</p>

#### Thesis or Dissertation  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Lajos Brons, "Rethinking the Culture-Economy Dialectic" (PhD diss., University of  
Groningen, 2005), 25.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Brons, "Rethinking the Culture-Economy Dialectic," 26.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Brons, Lajos. "Rethinking the Culture-Economy Dialectic." PhD diss., University of  
Groningen, 2005.  
</p>

#### Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Graham Oppy and David Dowe, "The Turing Test (2021)," in *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,* ed. Edward N. Zalta, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Graham and Dowe. "The Turing Test."  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Oppy, Graham, and David Dowe. "The Turing Test (2021)." In *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,* edited by Edward N. Zalta. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/.  
</p>

#### The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Sigmund Freud, “The ‘Uncanny’,” in *The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,* vol. 17: *An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919),* ed. and trans. James Strachey with Anna Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 217–56.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Freud, "The 'Uncanny'," 234.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Freud, Sigmund. “The ‘Uncanny’.” In *The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud,* Vol. 17: *An Infantile Neurosis and Other Works (1917–1919),* edited and translated by James Strachey with Anna Freud, 217–56. London: Hogarth Press, 1955.</p>

#### Wikipedia or Other Collectively Edited Online Encyclopedias

<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Wikipedia, s.v. "De rerum natura," https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De\_rerum\_natura.  
</p>

<p class="callout warning">No shortened note format, no italicization, and no entry into bibliography.</p>

#### Websites  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
"Valentine's Day," *Patricia's Petals,* https://patriciaspetals.com/categories/valentines-day.</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
"Valentine's Day." *Patricia's Petals.* [https://patriciaspetals.com/categories/valentines-day](https://patriciaspetals.com/categories/valentines-day).</p>

<p class="callout warning">If there is more metadata like authors or publication dates available, please add those too.</p>

#### YouTube Videos  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
TED, “How AI Could Become an Extension of Your Mind | Anvar Kapur,” *YouTube,* June 6, 2019, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=TrofjEAetVs.  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
TED, “How AI Could Become an Extension of Your Mind."  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
TED. “How AI Could Become an Extension of Your Mind | Anvar Kapur.” *YouTube,* June 6, 2019. https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=TrofjEAetVs.  
</p>

#### Movies  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
Mike Barnett, dir., *Superheroes* (Home Box Office, 2011).  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Shortened note**:   
Barnett, *Superheroes.*  
</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
Barnett, Mike, dir. *Superheroes.* Home Box Office, 2011.  
</p>

#### Social Media Posts  


<p class="callout success">**Note**:   
@punctum\_books, *Twitter,* January 25, 2023, [https://twitter.com/punctum\_books/status/1618279947180838912](https://twitter.com/punctum_books/status/1618279947180838912).</p>

<p class="callout success">**Bibliographic entry:**   
@punctum\_books. *Twitter.* January 25, 2023. [https://twitter.com/punctum\_books/status/1618279947180838912](https://twitter.com/punctum_books/status/1618279947180838912).</p>